“Polarization singularities provide a unique ability to dynamically shape vector beams using the design of geometric phase elements (GPEs) proposed in this work and based on hollow center space variant waveplates. (…)

The produced GPEs were successfully used to generate high-energy polarization singularities and these were employed in glasswelding, thinfilm removal, and silicon ablation applications.

The experimental results demonstrate the significant impact of the shape of the beam on the material processing results. Polarization singularities with tunable Flat-Top beam profiles offer enhanced control over heat deposition and material modification, enabling the production of more precise and uniform structures compared to Gaussian beams.

These findings underscore the potential of flat-top beams in various material processing applications, including volume modification of transparent materials and selective surface ablation of thin metallic films, as well as for semiconductors.”